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Tommy Kirk

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For the Australian rugby league player, see Tom Kirk (rugby league).

Tommy Kirk
Kirk on the set of Son of Flubber
Born
Thomas Lee Kirk

(1941-12-10)December 10, 1941
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.
DiedSeptember 28, 2021(2021-09-28) (aged 79)
(date body found)
Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
OccupationActor
Years active1953−1975, 1987−2001
Known forThe Shaggy Dog
Swiss Family Robinson
The Absent-Minded Professor
Old Yeller
Parent(s)Louis and Lucy Kirk

Thomas Lee Kirk (December 10, 1941 − September 28, 2021)[1] was an American actor, best known for his performances in films made by Walt Disney Studios such as Old Yeller, The Shaggy Dog, Swiss Family Robinson, The Absent-Minded Professor, and The Misadventures of Merlin Jones, as well as the beach party films of the mid-1960s. He frequently appeared as a love interest for Annette Funicello or as part of a family with Kevin Corcoran as his younger brother and Fred MacMurray as his father.

Kirk's career with Disney ended when news of his homosexuality threatened to become public. He struggled with drug addiction and depression for several years, appearing in a series of low-budget films before leaving the acting business in the mid-1970s. Kirk opened a carpet cleaning business and lived a mostly ordinary life, occasionally appearing at fan conventions. He died at his home in Las Vegas, Nevada, in September 2021, aged 79.

Early life

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Kirk was born in Louisville, Kentucky, one of four sons. His father, Louis, was a mechanic who worked for the highway department; his mother, Lucy, was a legal secretary.[2] Looking for better job opportunities, they moved to Downey in Los Angeles County, California, when Kirk was 15 months old.[3][4]

In 1954, Kirk accompanied his elder brother Joe to an audition for a production of Eugene O'Neill's Ah, Wilderness! at the Pasadena Playhouse in Pasadena, California. "Joe was star struck," said Kirk.[4] Joe was not cast, losing out to Bobby Driscoll, but Tommy was, and he made his stage debut opposite Will Rogers Jr.[5] "It was five lines, it didn't pay anything, and nobody else showed up, so I got the part," recalled Kirk.[4]

The performance was seen by an agent from the Gertz agency, who signed Kirk and succeeded in casting him in an episode of TV Reader's Digest, "The Last of the Old Time Shooting Sheriffs", directed by William Beaudine. Kirk's brother went on to become a dentist.[4] Kirk was in demand almost immediately.[6]

Disney career

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In April 1956, 14-year-old Kirk was cast as Joe Hardy for The Mickey Mouse Club serial The Hardy Boys, alongside Tim Considine as Frank Hardy. The first of the serials, The Mystery of the Applegate Treasure, was filmed in June and early July 1956, and aired in October at the start of the show's second season.[7] In the following year, the second serial The Mystery of Ghost Farm aired in 1957. The show and Kirk's performance were extremely well received and led to a long association between the actor and the Disney studio. Interestingly, a year prior to being cast in The Hardy Boys, Kirk first auditioned for another serial Spin and Marty, but was unsuccessful. The open audition took the form of a baseball game.[8]

In August 1956, Disney hired him and the former Mouseketeer Judy Harriet to attend both the Republican and Democratic presidential nominating conventions, for newsreel specials that later appeared on the show.[9] Kirk also hosted short travelogues for the serial segment of the show's second season, sometimes with Annette Funicello. He did the voice-over narration for "The Eagle Hunters" and dubbing work for the Danish-made film Vesterhavsdrenge, shown on the Mickey Mouse Club as the serial "Boys of the Western Sea". Around this time, it was announced that Kirk would appear as Young Davy Crockett, but this did not happen.[10]

Kirk in a photo for Old Yeller (1957)

Kirk's career received its biggest break yet when, in January 1957, Disney cast him as Travis Coates in Old Yeller (1957), an adventure story about a boy and his heroic dog.[11] Kirk had the lead role in the film, a success at the box-office, and he became Disney's first choice whenever they needed someone to play an all-American teenager. Kevin Corcoran played his younger brother and the two of them were often cast as brothers.[6] Later that year, Kirk and Corcoran were announced for the cast of The Rainbow Road to Oz, a feature film based on the stories of L. Frank Baum, but this film was never produced.[12]

Kirk during recording for the English dub of The Snow Queen

In July 1958, Kirk was cast in The Shaggy Dog (1959), a comedy about a boy inventor, who under the influence of a magic ring, is repeatedly transformed into an Old English Sheepdog.[13] This teamed him with Corcoran and Considine, and two other Disney stars with whom he regularly worked, Fred MacMurray and Annette Funicello. According to Diabolique, "Much of the credit went to MacMurray; a lot of the credit should have gone to Kirk, whose easy-going boy next door charm made him the ideal American teen."[6] Kirk said that when filming finished, Disney told him they did not have any projects for him and his contract would not be renewed. "I was thin and gangly and looked a mess ... I thought the whole world had fallen to pieces," he said.[14] (At the same time, Film Daily called Kirk one of its five "male juveniles" of the year, the others being Tim Considine, Ricky Nelson, Eddie Hodges, and James MacArthur.)[15]

With his Disney contract completed, Kirk went to Universal Pictures, where he played the male lead in the English dub of a Soviet animated feature, The Snow Queen, opposite Sandra Dee.[16]

Shaggy Dog turned out to be a hit, gaining significantly larger rentals than Old Yeller, and Disney soon contacted Kirk, offering him another long-term contract and a role as middle son Ernst Robinson in another adventure film, Swiss Family Robinson (1960), starring John Mills, Janet Munro, and once again Dorothy McGuire as his onscreen mother and Corcoran. It remained Kirk's favorite movie.[17] When he returned from filming in the West Indies, the studio signed him to two more movies.[18]

Kirk followed up with a secondary role in a fantasy comedy starring Fred MacMurray, The Absent-Minded Professor (1961), another huge hit.[19] Disney sent Kirk to England for The Horsemasters (1961), a youth-oriented horse riding film, which was made for U.S. television, but screened theatrically in some markets. He appeared once more with Munro and Funicello. That same year, Kirk played the support role of Grumio in the fairy tale fantasy Babes in Toyland, supporting Funicello, Ray Bolger, Ed Wynn and Tommy Sands. Kirk later described this film as "sort of a clunker ... but it has a few cute moments, it's an oddity", and enjoyed working with Ed Wynn.[20] It was a box-office disappointment; so too was Moon Pilot (1962), a satirical comedy where Kirk played the younger brother of Tom Tryon.[21][6]

Kirk acted in a family comedy with MacMurray, Bon Voyage (1962), with other family members played by Jane Wyman, Deborah Walley, and Corcoran. On set, Kirk did not get along with his onscreen parents. He later admitted that his own neediness made him view MacMurray as a surrogate father, a role MacMurray had no wish to fulfill.[22] Kirk also had trouble with Jane Wyman, saying: "She was very mean to me. She went out of her way to be shitty ... but she was a total bitch and I think she was homophobic."'[23] Kirk maintained better relationships with his onscreen brothers Kevin Corcoran and Tim Considine, who called Kirk "a monster talent".[24]

Kirk starred with Funicello in another overseas-shot story which screened in the United States on TV, but was released in some countries theatrically: Escapade in Florence (1962). Newspaper columns occasionally linked Kirk and Funicello's names romantically,[25] though in fact, they were never anything more than friendly coworkers.[22]

In July 1962, Disney announced they would make The Happiest American with Kirk, but it was not made.[26] Instead, he did a sequel to Absent Minded Professor, Son of Flubber (1963), his last film with MacMurray.

In 1963, Kirk reprised his role as Travis Coates in Disney's Savage Sam (1963), a sequel to Old Yeller, which reunited him with Corcoran and co-starred Brian Keith; it was not as well received as Old Yeller.

Disney then cast Kirk as student inventor Merlin Jones in The Misadventures of Merlin Jones (1964), again opposite Funicello. The film was directed by Robert Stevenson, who was frequently assigned Disney comedies. It became an unexpected box-office sensation, earning $4 million in rentals in North America, and Disney invited Funicello and him back to make a sequel, The Monkey's Uncle (1965). The Monkey's Uncle came out in July 1965 and was almost as successful as Merlin Jones.[27]

Television

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Kirk began to work steadily in television throughout 1956 and 1957 in episodes of Lux Video Theatre ("Green Promise"), Frontier ("The Devil and Doctor O'Hara"), Big Town ("Adult Delinquents"), Crossroads ("The Rabbi Davis Story"), Gunsmoke ("Cow Doctor"), Letter to Loretta ("But for God's Grace", "Little League") and Matinee Theatre ("The Outing", "The Others" – a version of Turn of the Screw).[28]

Kirk supported Angie Dickinson in a short feature called Down Liberty Road, a.k.a. Freedom Highway (1956),[29] a short commercial travelogue produced by Greyhound Lines to promote their Scenicruiser buses.

Concurrent with his film career at Disney, Kirk continued to guest star on television series, such as The O. Henry Playhouse ("Christmas by Injunction"), The Californians (as Billy Kilgore in "Little Lost Man"), Matinee Theatre ("Look Out for John Tucker"), Playhouse 90 ("A Corner of the Garden"),The Millionaire ('Millionaire Charles Bradwell") (1959) Bachelor Father ("A Key for Kelly"), Mr. Novak, "Love in the Wrong Season" (1963), Angel ("Goodbye Young Lovers"), and The Alfred Hitchcock Hour ("Ten Minutes from Now") (1964).

Later films

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The news of Kirk's termination from Disney Studios was not made public, but Kirk was soon working for American International Pictures (AIP), which needed a leading man to co-star with Funicello in a musical they were preparing, The Maid and the Martian. Kirk was cast as a Martian who arrives on Earth and falls in with a bunch of partying teenagers. The movie was later retitled Pajama Party (1964) and was a box-office success. AIP then cast him in The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini (1966) with Deborah Walley.[6] Soon after, he and Walley were put in It's a Bikini World, filmed in late 1965 under the direction of Stephanie Rothman. It was not released until 1967.[30] Also for AIP, he appeared in a TV special, The Wild Weird World of Dr. Goldfoot (1965), made to promote Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine, which aired in November 1965. In December, he announced he would make three more films for Exclusive, starting with Teacher, Teacher, alongside Bob Denver and Dawn Wells[31] but the film would not be made.

Following his work for AIP, Kirk spent the remainder of the 1960s making various low-budget films, including Village of the Giants (1965) for Bert I. Gordon; The Unkissed Bride (1966) for Jack H. Harris; Track of Thunder[32] and Catalina Caper in 1967[33]; and two films for Texan director Larry Buchanan: Mars Needs Women (1968) and It's Alive! (1969). Kirk got along well with Buchanan and the two would often spend time together off-set.[20]

Kirk said he reached bottom in 1970 when he did two movies that were not Screen Actors Guild, Ride the Hot Wind and Blood of Ghastly Horror, causing him to almost lose his SAG card. "Finally, I said, to hell with the whole thing, to hell with show business, I'm gonna make a new life for myself, and I got off drugs, completely kicked all that stuff."[17] In the 1970s, he was in a 1973 episode of The Streets of San Francisco and then starred in low-budget western My Name Is Legend (1975). While filming My Name is Legend, Kirk was thrown from a horse and injured.[34]

Singing

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In the succession of films with Annette Funicello, Kirk recorded a few songs to accompany the films. For Pajama Party (1964), they recorded and filmed "There Has to Be a Reason" in a lip-synced performance as a duet. However, the original recording track was heavily altered by the studio engineers, mostly with echo effect. Kirk described his own singing voice as "wispy and adolescent".[35] For Merlin Jones, Kirk featured on the song "The Scrambled Egghead" with Funicello.[36]

Later in his career, Kirk returned to his home state of Kentucky and performed in musical theatre, including Guys and Dolls, Hello, Dolly! (as Horace Vandergelder), Anything Goes (as Moonface Martin), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (as Marcus Lycus), and Little Mary Sunshine (as General Fairfax).[35][37][better source needed]

Personal life

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Sexuality

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While filming The Misadventures of Merlin Jones in 1963, 21-year-old Kirk began a relationship with a 15-year-old boy, and was caught having sex with him at a swimming pool in Burbank.[38][39] The boy's mother informed Disney, who elected not to renew Kirk's contract.[40] Walt Disney personally fired Kirk,[41] but when Merlin Jones became an unexpected hit, Disney allowed him to return long enough to film a sequel, The Monkey's Uncle.[27]

Kirk publicly came out as gay in a 1974 interview with John Marvin.[42] At the time he was studying acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute, while working as a busboy in a Los Angeles restaurant.

In 2017, while being interviewed for an online talk radio show, Kirk confessed that he regards himself as bisexual. "I have had relations with women too. I am not just gay, I am—I happen to be both, I would say. Like many people."[43]

Arrests

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On Christmas Eve 1964, Kirk was arrested for suspicion of possession of marijuana at a house in Hollywood. The district attorney's office subsequently refused to file a complaint against him on the marijuana charge. The city attorney's office, however, filed an illegal drugs charge, because officers found a vial of barbiturates in his car. This charge was dismissed by a judge in early January when Kirk's attorney established that the barbiturates had been prescribed by a physician.[44] However, the damage to his career had been done. He was replaced on How to Stuff a Wild Bikini (1965) by Dwayne Hickman (intended as AIP's follow-up to Pajama Party), on The Sons of Katie Elder by Michael Anderson, Jr. and on Beach Ball by Edd Byrnes. His initial casting in these films was announced in late 1964.[45]

Post-acting career

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Kirk at the 2009 Disney D23 Expo

Kirk got over his drug addiction and gave up acting in the mid-1970s. He worked as a waiter and a chauffeur before going into the carpet-cleaning business in the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles, an operation which he ran for 20 years.[46] In 1990, Kirk said he was "poor", but had "No bitterness. No regrets." He wrote an unproduced script about Abraham Lincoln[4] and continued to act occasionally, including small roles in Streets of Death (1988) and Attack of the 60 Foot Centerfold (1995). He also enjoyed writing and occasionally appearing at retro film conventions.[22] He had maintained a lifelong friendship with his Old Yeller co-star Beverly Washburn, since re-meeting at a convention in 1994.[47][48] He lived a private life and did not believe in "exhibiting" himself, preferring to keep away from the public eye.[43]

Kirk was inducted as a Disney Legend on October 9, 2006, alongside his former co-stars Tim Considine and Kevin Corcoran. His other repeat co-stars, Annette Funicello and Fred MacMurray, had already been inducted in 1992 and 1987, respectively. Also in 2006, the first of Kirk's Hardy Boys serials was issued on DVD in the fifth "wave" of the Walt Disney Treasures series.[49] At that point, he was retired with "a nice pension"[46] and living in Redding, California.

Death

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Kirk was found dead at his Las Vegas apartment on September 28, 2021. He was 79 years old.[50][51]

Filmography

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Year Title Role Notes
1956 The Peacemaker Tommy Uncredited
1956 Down Liberty Road Short
1957 Old Yeller Travis Coates
1957 The Snow Queen Kay Voice; 1959 English dubbed version
1959 The Shaggy Dog Wilbur "Wilby" Daniels
1960 Swiss Family Robinson Ernst Robinson
1961 The Absent-Minded Professor Biff Hawk
1961 Babes in Toyland Grumio
1961 The Horsemasters Danny Grant TV Series
1962 Moon Pilot Walter Talbot
1962 Escapade in Florence Tommy Carpenter TV Series
1962 Bon Voyage! Elliott Willard
1963 Son of Flubber Biff Hawk
1963 Savage Sam Travis Coates
1964 The Misadventures of Merlin Jones Merlin Jones
1964 Pajama Party Go Go The Martian
1965 The Monkey's Uncle Merlin Jones Last Disney appearance
1965 Village of the Giants Mike
1966 The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini Chuck Philips
1966 The Unkissed Bride Ted
1967 It's a Bikini World Mike Samson / Herbert Samson
1967 Catalina Caper Don Pringle
1967 Track of Thunder Bobby Goodwin
1968 Mars Needs Women Dop / Martian Fellow No. 1 / Mr. Fast / Seattle Sun Reporter TV Movie
1969 It's Alive! Wayne Thomas TV Movie
1971 Blood of Ghastly Horror Sergeant Cross
1973 Ride the Hot Wind Captain Gregory Shank
1975 My Name Is Legend
1988 Streets of Death Frank Philips
1995 Attack of the 60 Foot Centerfold Passenger
1998 Little Miss Magic Mr. Kenner
1998 Billy Frankenstein Blind Monk
2000 Club Dead Private Detective
2001 The Education of a Vampire Albert Kornfield

Television

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References

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  1. ^ "Tommy Kirk, Young Disney Actor in 'Old Yeller' and 'The Shaggy Dog,' Dies at 79". MSN. September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  2. ^ "Tommy Kirk, Young Disney Actor in 'Old Yeller' and 'The Shaggy Dog,' Dies at 79". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  3. ^ Freida Zylstra, "Actor Tommy Kirk Tries His Hand in Kitchen", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 18, 1963: b7.
  4. ^ a b c d e Edwards, Don, "Disney kid Tommy Kirk a cheerful has-been at 48", Chicago Tribune, November 6, 1990: N_B7.
  5. ^ "Will Rogers, Jr. Makes Auspicious Stage Debut", Los Angeles Times, August 21, 1954: 13.
  6. ^ a b c d e Vagg, Stephen (September 9, 2019). "The Cinema of Tommy Kirk". Diabolique.
  7. ^ "TV – 1955 / 57 Disney Serials". Hardy-Boys. Retrieved December 21, 2006.
  8. ^ Lorraine Santoli (1995). The official Mickey Mouse Club book. Internet Archive. Hyperion. ISBN 978-0-7868-8042-3.
  9. ^ "Southland girl, 13, boy, 14, cover parley for Newsreel". Los Angeles Times. August 17, 1956. p. C2.
  10. ^ Hopper, Hedda (August 23, 1956). "Looking at Hollywood: Top role in war film goes to Paul Newman". The Chicago Daily Tribune. p. c2.
  11. ^ Hopper, Hedda (April 23, 1957). "Solid acting found on Old Yeller set". Los Angeles Times. p. C6.
  12. ^ "Movie Producers Crashing Broadway", The Washington Post and Times-Herald, September 3, 1957: B8.
  13. ^ Scheuer, Philip K., "'Shaggy Dog' Cast Will Kid Monsters: Jean Hagen Completes Roster; New Film Faster, Less Distorted", Los Angeles Times, July 30, 1958: A9.
  14. ^ Thomas, Bob (June 29, 1962). "Tommy Grows Up". Toledo Blade. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
  15. ^ Stewart, Hepburn; Scheuer, Philip K, "Top poll of Critics: Welch, Peggy Cass also rate; Millie Perkins Is No. 1 find", Los Angeles Times, December 28, 1959: C9.
  16. ^ Beck, Jerry (2005). The animated movie guide. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Review. ISBN 978-1-55652-683-1. OCLC 191932886.
  17. ^ a b Minton p 69
  18. ^ Scheuer, Philip K., "Hersey 'War Lover' Sold to Columbia: Directors Picks Annual Critic; U.S. Steel Sponsors a Winner", Los Angeles Times, January 25, 1960: C9.
  19. ^ Scheuer, Philip K.,"Realist Disney Kept His Dreams: Walt Disney Held His Dreams", Los Angeles Times, June 26, 1960: F1.
  20. ^ a b Minton p 70
  21. ^ John C. Waugh, "A Legendary Tale Spinner Looks Ahead -- British TV adjusts a balance: Disney boosting live-action films", The Christian Science Monitor, March 14, 1961: 6.
  22. ^ a b c Minton p 71
  23. ^ Tranberg, Charles (2007). Fred_MacMurray: A Biography. Duncan, Oklahoma: BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1593930998. Retrieved December 12, 2019 – via Google Books.
  24. ^ "Tommy Kirk (Television & Film)". Disney Legends. The Walt Disney Company. October 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2006.
  25. ^ "Soraya Is Denying Marriage Plans", The Washington Post and Times-Herald, November 6, 1963: D14.
  26. ^ Hopper, Hedda, "Art Linkletter off to Russia, hopes he won't encounter complications of last trip", Los Angeles Times, July 2, 1962: C10
  27. ^ a b Scheuer, Philip K., "Disney Announces Diverse Schedule: Doris Day Winner (Again); Ill Wind a Boon to Actors", Los Angeles Times, January 4, 1965: B7.
  28. ^ "On Television". The New York Times. November 2, 1956. p. 55.
  29. ^ "Freedom Highway". 1956 – via Internet Archive.
  30. ^ Martin, Betty."Wolper to film war novel", Los Angeles Times, October 20, 1965: D15.
  31. ^ Betty Martin, "Franciosa set for Swinger", Los Angeles Times, December 18, 1965: a12.
  32. ^ Minton p 68
  33. ^ Martin, Betty, "Shaw rejoins film colony", Los Angeles Times, August 18, 1965: D10
  34. ^ "My Name is Legend".
  35. ^ a b Tommy Kirk and Anette Funicello In Pajama Party, retrieved March 12, 2024
  36. ^ "Annette - Merlin Jones | Releases | Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  37. ^ "Tommy Kirk - Biography". IMDb. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  38. ^ Neil Genzlinger (October 1, 2021). "Tommy Kirk, Young Star of 'Old Yeller,' Is Dead at 79". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  39. ^ Barnes, Mike (September 29, 2021). "Tommy Kirk, Young Disney Actor in 'Old Yeller' and 'The Shaggy Dog,' Dies at 79". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 1, 2022.
  40. ^ "Sunlight and Shadow". The Original Mickey Mouse Club Show. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  41. ^ "Tommy Kirk". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
  42. ^ Marvin, J. (1974). Thomas Kirk: A Disney Darling Grows Up. Quorum, 2(5), 20-25.
  43. ^ a b Baby Boomers Talk Radio (February 7, 2017). "Tommy Kirk who starred in movies made by Walt Disney Studios". Spreaker. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
  44. ^ "Actor Jailed". Daily Review. Associated Press. December 26, 1964. p. 1. Actor Tommy Kirk was among nine persons booked on suspicion of possessing marijuana after a raid on a party at a Hollywood model's home, police reported. Kirk ... was arrested Friday along with the others ...
    - "Tommy Kirk cleared of drug charge", Los Angeles Times, January 5, 1965: b6.
  45. ^ Scheuer, Philip K., "Nichols will direct Hollywood Woolf: Warner typewriters click; That U.S. image favorable", Los Angeles Times, December 14, 1964: B13.
    - "First Writers Guild Winners Announced", Los Angeles Times, November 25, 1964: C5.
  46. ^ a b Monteagudo, Jesse (March 7, 2017). "This child actor's gay days at Disney cost him his career". LGBTQ Nation.
  47. ^ Hollywood 94, Gordon Scott, Tommy Kirk, Beverly Washburn, Terry Moor, Jon Provost, Johnny Whiitaker, retrieved March 26, 2024
  48. ^ Beverly Washburn on Travis (Tommy Kirk ) from Old Yeller, retrieved March 26, 2024
  49. ^ "Sir Elton John, Joe Ranft Headline Disney Legends Award". AWN Headline News. AWN Inc. October 9, 2006. Archived from the original on September 20, 2007. Retrieved October 10, 2006.
  50. ^ Chappell, Bill (September 30, 2021). "Tommy Kirk, The Fresh-Scrubbed Face Of Disney As A Child Actor, Dies At 79". NPR. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  51. ^ Hailu, Selome (September 29, 2021). "Tommy Kirk, 'Old Yeller' and 'Swiss Family Robinson' Star, Dies at 79". Variety. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Valley, Richard (1993). "Just an Average Joe (Hardy): An Interview with Tommy Kirk". Scarlet Street (10): 60–69. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  • Minton, Kevin (April 1993). "Sex, lies, and Disney tape: Walt's fallen star". Filmfax. No. 38. pp. 67–71.
  • Jones, Marvin (n.d.) [1973]. "Interview with Tommy Kirk". Quorum Magazine. reprinted at Campfire Video
  • Holmstrom, John (1996). "Tommy Kirk". The Moving Picture Boy: An international encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich: Michael Russell. p. 230.
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